Table of Contents

• 1 Preface

• 2 Introduction
• 3 Bare-Bones SGML
• 4 Basic Text Encoding
  • 4.1 Paragraphs
  • 4.2 Highlighted Phrases
  • 4.3 Quotations
  • 4.4 Cross References
  • 4.5 Page Breaks
  • 4.6 Verse
  • 4.7 Drama
  • 4.8 Bibliographic References
  • 4.9 Omissions
  • 4.10 Notes
  • 4.11 Lists
  • 4.12 What Is Missing?
• 5 Overall Structure of a Text
  • 5.1 Front, Body, and Back Matter
  • 5.2 Text Divisions
  • 5.3 Title Pages
• 6 The TEI Header
  • 6.1 What You're Missing
• 7 Putting It All Together
• 8 A Complete Example
• 9 A More Interesting Example
• 10 What About Software?
• 11 Summary of the Bare Bones TEI Subset
  • 11.1 Elements in the Bare Bones Tag Set
  • 11.2 Formal Declarations

An SGML version of this document may be retrieved from http://www.uic.edu/orgs/tei/intros/teiu6.sgm. An HTML version of this document split into multiple files (for faster retrieval) may be found at http://www.uic.edu/orgs/tei/intros/teiu6.split.html.

1 Preface

Mark Olsen
ARTFL Database
University of Chicago
1050 E. 59th St.
Chicago, Illinois 60637

A few months ago, when the TEI published its Guidelines, and you saw the 1300 pages, and hefted the seven pounds, of the Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange, you wrote me, as you may remember, words to the effect: "Your bricks landed on my desk today. Is there a Cliff Notes version? A bare-bones TEI, without any of the optional stuff, just the absolute minimal TEI encoding scheme?"

This is my attempt to provide you what you asked for --- but only half of my effort to provide you with what I think you really need. The half I don't think you were asking for, though other people have, is a sort of `Pocket-sized Guide to the TEI': a version of the TEI encoding scheme which is small enough to be understood without too much trouble, but large enough to do reasonably serious work with, and powerful enough to suffice for most people's work encoding electronic text, most of the time. Lou and I have discussed this at some length, and a `pocket-sized TEI' (aka `TEI Lite') is now documented in a little paper called "An Introduction to TEI Tagging" (document number TEI U5).

You didn't ask for a TEI Lite, though: you asked for something even smaller and more austere: you asked me to isolate the absolute minimum set of TEI tags, without which it's difficult to imagine making any useful electronic text nowadays at all. That is what I have done in this document.

Note, however, that what you have in your hands is emphatically not an attempt at a realistic markup scheme for real use in encoding new texts. It is a definition of a toy markup language: the absolute minimum is not necessarily a useful minimum. In particular, although this tag set may conceivably suffice for the translation of ARTFL texts and other pre-existing data into TEI form, still I think that when you set about creating new electronic texts, you would be crazy to limit yourself to the textual features listed here, and I hope that, despite your well publicized antipathy to any rational scheme of text markup, and despite the ample measure of craziness which your friends all know and treasure in you, you won't do such a silly thing.

The tag set defined here is simple enough that you should be able to get familiar with it in half an hour, become proficient in it in an afternoon or so, and outgrow it completely in a day or a week or two. And it is a clean subset of the full TEI encoding scheme, so that when you do outgrow this bare-bones tag set, and start (as I hope) looking at TEI Lite and the full TEI markup language, you will already have a firm grasp of the basics of TEI encoding, and can easily integrate the additional tags into the mental framework you built while assimilating this bare-bones TEI scheme. In order to encourage you, and other readers who share your predilection for craziness, to move eventually to the full TEI markup scheme, I mention periodically in this outline the tags in the TEI header and the TEI core tag set which are not included here, so that you will know what you're missing.

I have to confess that Lou is skeptical about the definition of this bare-bones TEI subset. Like me, he thinks that it won't be useful for serious encoding of real data, but he disagrees with my belief that it may nevertheless be useful to those encountering the TEI for the first time. I hope it will be useful, by (a) reducing the clutter so you can see the basic outlines of the TEI scheme more clearly --- the tags included here are the ones everyone is going to need to use --- and (b) demonstrating, by a reductio ad absurdum, how reducing a tag set to this size (it's about the same size as the first version of HTML) forces one to omit too much material which can be useful in the encoding of virtually any text, and which is absolutely essential for dealing rationally with some texts. Lou thinks I am dreaming; time will tell.

So: here is the bare-bones TEI subset you asked for --- may you read it in good health, and may it prove useful in showing you how to translate your existing data into TEI form, and extending your existing software to handle TEI data. (N.B. maledictions will rain on your head if you implement support for this subset but not for the full TEI DTD. And what's more, you'll deserve every malediction in the book.) Use it to encode some simple exercises in SGML and TEI tagging. A few exercises should suffice to persuade you that you'll need a larger scheme (e.g. the full TEI scheme) for serious encoding of texts you hope anyone will work with. Use TEI Lite instead of standard TEI if you must, but don't limit yourself to the skeletal tag set (perhaps I should say, cadaverous tag set) sketched here. Even you aren't that crazy.

Best regards,

Michael

2 Introduction

This document describes a bare-bones tag set taken from the Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange published in 1994 by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). The tags described have been chosen to serve as a simple introduction to the full markup scheme described in the Guidelines; they may suffice in some cases for the creation of simple electronic texts, but serious work will require a larger selection of the TEI tags. The reader is encouraged to use this document as a first introduction to TEI tagging, and to progress, after reading this document and using its tag set for a while, to a study of other TEI documentation, either the document called "TEI Lite: An Introduction to TEI Tagging" (document number TEI U5), or the full text of the Guidelines themselves ( Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange, document number TEI P3).

This document introduces the tags informally, with examples. As an incentive to learn the full TEI tag set, it mentions, from time to time, tags which are in the full tag set but have been omitted here to keep the bare-bones tag set simple. Such references may be ignored on first reading. Fuller discussion of all tags, and their formal descriptions in terms of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) may be found in the Guidelines.

3 Bare-Bones SGML

SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language, is a formal language for representing text in electronic form. The TEI tag set is defined in terms of SGML, and all TEI-conformant documents must also conform to SGML.

In SGML-based encoding schemes, a document is represented by a combination of content (roughly speaking, the characters of the text, what you see on a printed page when the text is printed out) and markup (roughly speaking, information about the structure of the text, or features important for proper processing of the text, such as its division into chapters and sections, or the fact that a given phrase is a technical term and must be italicized). Non-SGML software, such as proprietary word processors, uses a similar division into content and markup. In sophisticated software, markup is usually invisible to the user unless you use a reveal-codes function or the like, to make it visible. SGML differs from proprietary markup systems in several ways:

• SGML is non-proprietary, and fully documented independent of any SGML software, so you can move your documents from one program to another at any time without losing any information. In contrast, conversion among proprietary systems is notoriously difficult and error prone.
• All systems use the markup to decide how to process the text, but in SGML systems the markup is typically defined in abstract terms, rather than directly in processing terms. An SGML system is more likely to mark a phrase as a technical term than simply as italic: a separate style sheet is normally used to determine whether technical terms are italicized, bolded on first reference, or displayed in blue, and to specify further processing such as adding an entry for the term to a glossary of technical terms. Proprietary systems nowadays often have style sheet mechanisms, too, but these seldom match SGML software in convenience or power.
• SGML-based markup schemes, called document type definitions (DTDs), are typically accompanied by system-independent documentation of the markup. The document you are reading provides precisely this type of system-independent documentation --- i.e., since you can use these tags with any SGML software, this paper cannot describe what will happen on the screen or what keys you must press, with the particular program you choose to use. Such matters will vary from program to program, and you should consult the software documentation for help.
• Unlike proprietary systems, SGML systems invariably provide facilities for exporting documents in standard (SGML) form, so they can easily be used by other software. Some enthusiasts phrase this as a sort of slogan: "With SGML, you own your documents; without SGML, your documents are owned by people in Orem, Utah, or in Redmond, Washington. Which do you prefer?"

SGML markup takes three forms: declarations, entity references and tags. [I cannot tell a lie: actually, there are four forms of markup. The fourth, processing instructions, won't concern us here.]

Declarations are used to define the tags and entity references which are legal in a document type. Since the tags and entities we are concerned with here have all already been defined by the TEI, there is no need to discuss declarations further in this document. You will need to learn about them if you want to customize the TEI tag sets, but that won't be covered here. The only form of declaration you need to know about, to follow the examples below, is the comment, which is preceded by <!-- and followed by -->:

 
<!-- this is a comment. -->
<!-- this is a second comment. -->
<!-- Comments are ignored by the SGML parser,
and usually ignored by SGML software
of all types.  As this comment shows,
comments can go on for several lines. -->

Entities are named portions of documents, which may be stored separately; entity references show where each entity goes. Among other things, entity references are used to embed special characters in the text when, as often happens, the characters in question are not available on the keyboard. Some entities for special characters are defined in international standards. For example, the entity eacute names the character "e with an acute accent" (é). When the standard entity sets are in use, the following two examples are identical in meaning:

 
L'état, c'est moi.

 
L'état, c'est moi.

(In case this has been corrupted in transmission, or is being rendered on a device without accented characters, that second one is the same as the first, except that the reference to the entity eacute in characters 3-10 of the first example has been replaced with a real e with an acute accent in the system's native character set in character 3 of the second example.)

Entities are also used to handle graphics and other material in non-SGML notations, and to divide a document up into sections stored in separate files for purposes of simpler maintenance, but we won't discuss such uses here.

Tags mark the beginning and ending of parts of the document; the parts themselves are called elements. Normally, tags are marked in the document by angle brackets; end-tags have a slash after the opening angle bracket. In the following example, the sentence is marked as a quotation by the start-tag and end-tag which surround it; quote is an element type defined by the TEI.

 
<quote>L'&eacute;tag, c'est moi.</quote>

Elements always have a basic type (in the example above, it is quote); they may also have other attributes, which are indicated by special notations inside the start-tag for the element. For example, the TEI defines the attribute lang as applying to every type of element; its value indicates the language of the element's content, using standard two- or three-letter abbreviations (e.g. fra for "French").

 
<quote lang='fra'>L'&eacute;tat, c'est
moi.</quote>

Some attributes may be restricted to certain types of values. Attributes of type id, for example, must provide a unique name or identifier for the element on which they appear; this identifier can be referred to by other attributes, of type idref ( id reference). The TEI defines a global attribute named id, of type id, for use in cross-references and other kinds of hypertext links. (TEI attributes are called global when they apply to every type of element.)

Finally, it should be noted that SGML allows some tags to be omitted from documents, in cases when they are logically redundant and their location can be inferred from that of other tags; in the examples given here, we will not exploit this facility, but always give all tags explicitly. Tag omission is generally of interest only to those working without an SGML editor.

In sum: in SGML, everything is delimited.

• Elements are delimited by start- and end-tags.
• Start- and end-tags are delimited by angle brackets.
• Attribute values are delimited by single or double quotes.
• Entity references are delimited by ampersand and semicolon.

That's all there is to it. If you understand the rules just described, you should have no trouble understanding all the SGML examples in this document.

4 Basic Text Encoding

A TEI-conformant electronic text consists of the text itself (transcribed from some source, or created in electronic form), preceded by a TEI header, which identifies the electronic text and can also document the encoding practices used in creating it. The entire thing is enclosed within a tei.2 element, and preceded by an SGML declaration identifying the document type to be used in validating the document.

The SGML declaration won't be described here. Further below, I'll discuss the TEI header, and the specialized tags for front matter and back matter of the main text. In work with electronic text, however, the vast majority of one's time is spent within the body of the text itself, and so I begin with a description of tags for basic text encoding: paragraphs and other paragraph-like things, character- or phrase-level elements which occur within paragraphs, and so on.

4.1 Paragraphs

Mark paragraphs with the tag p. Paragraphs do not nest, and neither may p elements. For example:

 
<p>I call specific attention to
the authority given by the 21st Amendment
to the Constitution to prohibit transportation
or importation of intoxicating liquors into
any State in violation of the laws of such
State.</p>
<p>I ask the wholehearted cooperation of all our
citizens to the end that this return of individual
freedom shall not be accompanied by the repugnant
conditions that obtained prior to the adoption of
the 18th Amendment and those that have existed
since its adoption.  Failure to do this honestly
and courageously will be a living reproach to us
all.</p>
<p>I ask especially that no State shall by law
or otherwise authorize the return of the saloon
either in its old form or in some modern guise.
</p>

4.2 Highlighted Phrases

Phrases which are highlighted in the source (or should be highlighted in the output), whether by italics, boldface, small caps, or other special treatment, should be tagged with the hi element. The rend attribute may optionally say how the phrase was highlighted. In the example below, the word whereas and the phrase therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt are printed in small caps in the source:

 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> the
Congress of the United States ... </p>
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> Section 217(a) of
the Act of Congress entitled "An Act ..." ...</p>
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> it appears ...
</p>
<p>Now, <hi rend='sc'>therefore, I, Franklin
D. Roosevelt</hi>, President of the United
States of America ... do hereby proclaim that
the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States was repealed on the fifth
day of December, 1933.</p>

The rend attribute may be omitted if the rendering is of no interest, or if all highlighted phrases are rendered the same way. Its values may be chosen arbitrarily by the encoder --- the values used may then be used in turn to direct processing software to display or process the element correctly.

4.3 Quotations

Mark quotations from other works, or dialog spoken by characters in a narrative, as q (quotation) elements:

 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi>
Section 217(a) of the Act of Congress
entitled "An Act ..." approved June 16,
1933, provides as follows:
<q>Section 217(a) The President shall
proclaim the ... </q></p>

Block quotations and inline quotations are distinguished only by the value of their rend attribute; for the former, use the value "block" or "display", for the latter, use "inline".

4.4 Cross References

References to other documents, or to other locations in the current document, should be tagged with the ref tag:

 
WHEREAS <ref>Section 217(a) of
the Act of Congress ... approved June
16, 1933</ref>, provides as follows: ...

For cross references within the same SGML document, the target attribute may be used to indicate which section is being referred to; its value is the id value assigned to some element in the document. For example, the following cross reference:

 
I there expressed the hope,
and asked for united cooperation, that
this return of individual freedom would
not be accompanied by anti-social
conditions, such as the saloon and the
other evils of the pre-prohibition era.
(See also <ref target='pc1993-10-11'>Press
Conference of October 11, 1933, Item 137,
this volume</ref>.)

assumes the existence of some element elsewhere in the volume with the identifier given:

 
<div id='pc1933-10-11'>
<head>Press Conference, 11 October 1933</head>
<!-- ... -->
</div>

The div and head used in the example just given elements are described below.

4.5 Page Breaks

If the page breaks of the source are of interest, as they generally are for material transcribed from existing printed editions, record them using the pb element. This element is empty: that is, it has neither content nor an end-tag. It does not mark a passage or portion of the text, just a location within the text. The attribute n, defined for all TEI elements, should be used to indicate the page number; if page numbers from more than one edition are transcribed, the attribute ed should be used to distinguish the two paginations:

 
<p>I ask the wholehearted cooperation
of all our citizens to the end that
this return of individual freedom shall
not be accompanied by the repugnant
conditions that obtained prior to the
<pb n='512' ed='1938'>
adoption of
the 18th Amendment and those that
have existed  since its adoption....</p>

4.6 Verse

Individual verse lines should be tagged with l (that's an "L"), stanzas or other verse structures above the level of the line should be tagged lg ( line group); the latter's type attribute may optionally be used to identify the formal structure in question, for retrieval or other purposes:

 
<lg type='quatrain'>
<l>Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night</l>
<l>Has flung the Stone that puts the Stars to Flight:</l>
<l>And Lo! the Hunter of the East
has caught</l>
<l>The Sultan's Turret in a Noose of Light.</l>
</lg>

When the indentation of the lines is significant, it can be recorded using the global rend attribute, with some suitable value:

 
<l rend='indent'>And Lo! the Hunter
of the East has caught</l>
<l>The Sultan's Turret in a Noose of Light.</l>

Of course, if the verse is quoted from another text, the l elements should be enclosed in a q element.

4.7 Drama

Drama should be encoded with the elements sp ( speech) and stage ( stage direction). Stage directions can occur either within speeches or between them. As may be seen in the example below, the speaker may be indicated with the who attribute on the sp element:

 
<sp who='Casca'>
<l>Speak, hands, for me!</l></sp>
<stage>They stab Caesar.</stage>
<sp who='Julius Caesar'>
<l>Et tu, Brute? -- then fall, Caesar!</l>
<stage>Dies.</stage></sp>

When the precise form of the speaker atribution in the source is important, the speaker may be identified by a separate speaker element at the beginning of the sp element.

 
<sp><speaker>Cas.</speaker>
<l>Speak, hands, for me!</l></sp>
<stage>They stab Caesar.</stage>
<sp><speaker>Caes.</speaker>
<l>Et tu, Brute? -- then fall, Caesar!</l>
<stage>Dies.</stage></sp>

These tags may also be used for material not written as drama, but presented using dramatic conventions (e.g. transcriptions of speeches, or of press conferences):

 
The brave men living and dead
who struggled here have consecrated it
far above our power to add or detract.
<stage>[Applause.]</stage>
<!-- ... -->
and that Governments of the people,
by the people, and for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
<stage>[Long-continued applause.]
</stage>

As with verse, if the drama is quoted from another text, it should be enclosed in a q element.

4.8 Bibliographic References

Bibliographic references should normally be enclosed in bibl elements; within such elements, or outside them, title may be used to mark titles of articles, books, journals, etc. Its level attribute takes the values A, M, J, S, or U to show whether the title is an analytic (article) title, a monogrphic (book) title, the title of a journal, that of a series, or that of unpublished material such as a thesis. For example a reference to: "Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933," in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. II (New York: Random House, 1938), pp. 510-514 would be encoded thus:

 
<bibl>
<title level='A'>Inaugural Address,
March 4, 1933</title>, in
<title level='M'>The Public Papers and
Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
</title>, vol. II
(New York:  Random House, 1938), pp. 11-16.
</bibl>

4.9 Omissions

If material has been omitted from an electronic text (e.g. because it is illegible or not of interest to the expected users, the omission should normally be indicated using a gap element at the point of omission. The attributes desc, reason, and extent may optionally be used to describe what was omitted, to explain why, and to give an approximate size for it. For example:

 
<p>
Suppose I see two individuals approaching
whose rank I wish to ascertain.  They are,
we will suppose, a Merchant and a Physician,
or in other words, an Equilateral Triangle
and a Pentagon:  how am I to distinguish
them?</p>
<p><gap desc='geometric figure'
reason='editorial policy'
extent='ca. 14 lines'></p>
<p>It will be obvious ... </p>

4.10 Notes

Notes in the text, whether footnotes, endnotes, or inline block notes, should be tagged with the note element. The location may be given, if desired, in the place attribute. Authorial notes may be distinguished from editorial notes by means of the resp attribute, which indicates who is responsible for the note. For example:

 
<p>IN WITNESS WHEREOF,
I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the United States to be
affixed.</p>
<note resp='ed' place=inline><p>The 72d
Congress, which
convened following the 1932 election,
passed the Twenty-first Amendment to the
Constitution to repeal the Eighteenth
Amendment.</p>
<p> ... </p>
</note>

Footnotes and endnotes should normally be transcribed at their point of attachment. Their number may optionally be given in the n attribute:

 
... have consecrated it
far above our power<note place='foot' n=21>
Philadelphia <title>Inquirer</title> has
<q>our poor attempts</q> and Chicago
<title level='J'>Tribune</title> has
<q>our poor power.</q></note>
to add or detract.

4.11 Lists

Lists should be tagged using the list and item elements; a heading or title for the list should be tagged as a head. Lists may be distinguished as ordered (numbered), unordered (bulleted), etc., by means of the type attribute. For example:

 
The President shall proclaim
the date of
<list type=ordered>
<item n='(1)'>the close of the first fiscal
year ending June 30 of any year after the
year 1933, in which ..., or</item>
<item n='(2)'>the repeal of the
eighteenth amendment to the Constitution,
</item>
</list>
whichever is the earlier.

The full TEI scheme also defines a label element for use as an alternative to using the n attribute to give item numbers or labels.

4.12 What Is Missing?

Notes in the preceding sections have mentioned some of the elements defined in the full TEI scheme's core tag set but omitted from this bare-bones version. In addition to those already mentioned, tags omitted here include those for proper nouns and other references to people and places, addresses, numbers, units of measure and measured quantities, dates, and times of day.

The full scheme also defines optional tag sets for hypertext linking, analysis or interpretation (including both literary and linguistic analysis) of the text, manuscript transcription, text-critical apparatus, tables, figures, and other specialized interests.

5 Overall Structure of a Text

5.1 Front, Body, and Back Matter

Overall, texts are divided into front matter, the body, and back matter, tagged respectively front, body, and back. Front and back matter are distinct only by virtue of their location: they can contain exactly the same kinds of material. The overall structure of a typical book, for example, would be something like this:

 
<text>
<front> <!-- front matter here:  title
page, dedication, preface, etc. ... -->
</front>
<body>  <!-- main body of edition here ... -->
</body>
<back>  <!-- back matter here:  index,
bibliography, etc.... -->
</back>
</text>

5.2 Text Divisions

Within the body, or within the front and back matter, text may be subdivided into text divisions (parts, chapters, sections; act, scene; canto, stanza; etc.). For such divisions, the single element div should be used; subsections are tagged with nested div elements. The type attribute may be used to indicate that the division has a particular name or type; later divisions will take the same type value unless a different value is specified. Within a text division, paragraphs or paragraph-level elements (e.g. note, list) may occur.

 
<div type='Section' n=1>
<p>The eighteenth article of amendment
to the Constitution of the United States
is hereby repealed.</p></div>
<div n=2><p>The transportation or importation
into any State, Territory, or possession of
the United States for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors, in
violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
prohibited.</p></div>
<div n=3><p>This article shall be inoperative
unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by conventions
in the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from
the date of the submission hereof to the
States by the Congress.</p></div>

In cases where text divisions have no headings, or have only headings consisting of their type value and a number, no heading need be given, as shown above. If desired, however, the heading may be given explicitly:

 
<div type='Section' n=1>
<head>Section 1.</head>
<p>The eighteenth article of amendment
to the Constitution of the United States
is hereby repealed.</p></div>
<div n=2><head>Section 2.</head>
<p>The transportation ...</p></div>
<div n=3><head>Section 3.</head>
<p>This article shall be inoperative
unless ...</p></div>

The headings in the preceding example are fixed text (the word Section followed by the value of the n attribute), which any moderately intelligent SGML software could generate mechanically. In general, document management is more convenient, and results are more consistent, if such material is not transcribed as part of the text, but is generated by software when the text is displayed or printed. Inconsistency in the source, of course, may be of interest, and if so it should be captured explicitly.

5.3 Title Pages

The TEI encoding scheme defines specialized tags for transcribing title pages, in order to ensure that processing software can easily locate and identify the author, title, and date of the document as given on its title page. The title page itself, and its major component parts, are illustrated in this example:

 
<titlePage>
<docTitle>
<titlePart type='main'>The Public Papers
and Addresses of
Franklin D. Roosevelt</titlePart>
<titlePart type='sub'>With a special introduction
and explanatory notes by
President Roosevelt</titlePart>
<titlePart type='vol number'>Volume Two</titlePart>
<titlePart type='vol title'>
The Year of Crisis
1933</titlePart>
</docTitle>
<docImprint>
  <publisher>Random House</publisher>
  <pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>
  <docDate>1938</docDate>
</docImprint>
</titlePage>

The titlePart element is used both for the different parts of the document title (as shown) and also for miscellaneous parts of the title page which are neither document title, nor document author, nor imprint information.

6 The TEI Header

The TEI header allows later users of the etexts you create to find out what the text is, who created the etext (i.e. you), and what source edition(s) you transcribed the etext from. In its full expansion, it also allows a full accounting of your transcription practice (did you correct typos silently? did you expand abbreviations? normalize spelling? etc.) and can also include a detailed characterization of the text itself (demographics of its author and audience, subject matter, genre, etc.) and a full change log, which is important for document management in large projects.

For bare-bones work, however, it's simplest to copy the following TEI header by rote, and replace the text in square brackets with appropriate information about the text being encoded. If the etext is not transcribed from a pre-existing source, but instead is being created in electronic form, the bibl tags within the sourceDesc element should be changed to p.

 
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc><titleStmt><title>
  [Put the title of the electronic text here.]
</title><publicationStmt><p>
  [Indicate who is publishing this electronic text (i.e. you).]
</p></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><bibl>
  [Indicate the source from which this etext is transcribed.]
</bibl></sourceDesc></fileDesc></teiHeader>

For example, the TEI header of the document you are reading looks like this:

 
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc><titleStmt><title>
Bare Bones TEI:  A Very Very Small Subset of the TEI Encoding Scheme
</title><publicationStmt><p>
Published electronically by the Text Encoding Initiative, Chicago and
Oxford, in 1994.
</p></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><p>
This text was created in electronic form.
</p></sourceDesc></fileDesc>
</teiHeader>

6.1 What You're Missing

7 Putting It All Together

A TEI-encoded electronic text is always encoded as a tei.2 element, which in turn contains a teiHeader element followed by a text element. The overall structure is thus:

 
<tei.2>
<teiHeader> <!-- TEI header information ... -->
</teiHeader>
<text>
  <front> <!-- ... --> </front>
  <body>  <!-- ... --> </body>
  <back>  <!-- ... --> </back>
</text>
</tei.2>

The start-tag of the tei.2 element is preceded by an explicit reference to the external file containing the document type definition to be applied to the text by the SGML parser. The stripped-down DTD described here may be invoked with the following document-type declaration:

 
<!DOCTYPE tei.2 SYSTEM 'barebone.dtd'>

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<tei.2>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc><titleStmt><title>
  Bare-bones Sample of Bare-bones Tagging
</title><publicationStmt><p>
  An unpublished document.
</p></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><p>
  This document created in electronic form.
</p></sourceDesc></fileDesc></teiHeader>
 
<text><body>
<p>The world's shortest TEI document.</p>
</body></text>
 
</tei.2>

 
<tei.2>

 
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc><titleStmt><title>
  Proclamation of the 21st Amendment:
  an Electronic Version
</title></titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<p>Published by the TEI as a specimen of tagged
text.</p></publicationStmt> <sourceDesc><bibl> <title level='M'>The
Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt </title>, vol. II
(New York:  Random House, 1938).  <!-- here we transcribe only
     <title level='A'>The President Proclaims
     the Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.
     Proclamation No. 2065.
     December 5, 1933</title>, pp. 510-514.  --> </bibl>
</sourceDesc></fileDesc></teiHeader>

 
<text><front><titlePage>
<docTitle>
<titlePart type='main'>
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt</titlePart>
<titlePart type='sub'>
With a special introduction and explanatory notes by President
Roosevelt</titlePart>
<titlePart type='vol number'>Volume Two</titlePart>
<titlePart type='vol title'>The Year of Crisis 1933</titlePart>
</docTitle>
<docImprint>
  <publisher>Random House</publisher>
  <pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>
  <docDate>1938</docDate>
</docImprint>
</titlePage>
<div type='copyright page'> <!-- ... --> </div>
<div type='notice'> <!-- ... --> </div>
<div type='table of contents'> <!-- ... --> </div>
</front>

 
<body>
<div n=1 type='speech'>
<head>Inaugural Address.</head>
<head type='date'>March 4, 1933</head>
<!-- ... -->
</div>
 
<div n=2 type='Proclamation'>
<head>The President Calls the Congress
into Extraordinary Session.</head>
<head type='docno'>Proclamation No. 2038.</head>
<head type='date'>March 5, 1933</head>
<!-- ... -->
</div>
 
<!-- ... etc. -->

 
<div n=175 type='Proclamation'>
<head>The President Proclaims the Repeal
of the Eighteenth Amendment.</head>
<head type='docno'>Proclamation No. 2065.</head>
<head type='date'>December 5, 1933</head>
 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> the
Congress of the United States in 2d Session of the 72d Congress, begun
at Washington on the fifth day of December in the year one thousand nine
hundred and thirty-two, adopted a resolution in the words and figures
following, to wit &mdash;</p>

 
<q rend='display, quoted paras'><text><body> <head rend='caps'>Joint
Resolution</head> <head type='sub'>Proposing an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States.</head>
<p>Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
concurring therein), That the following article
is hereby proposed as an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, which shall
be valid to all intents and purposes as part of
the Constitution when ratified by conventions
in three-fourths of the several States:

 
<q><text><body><head rend='caps'>Article</head>
<div type='Section' n=1>
<p>The eighteenth article of amendment
to the Constitution of the United States
is hereby repealed.</p></div>
<div n=2><p>The transportation or importation
into any State, Territory, or possession of
the United States for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors, in
violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
prohibited.</p></div>
<div n=3><p>This article shall be inoperative
unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by conventions
in the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from
the date of the submission hereof to the
States by the Congress.</p></div>
</body></text>
</q>

 
</body></text>
</q>

 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> Section 217(a) of
the Act of Congress entitled <title>An Act
to encourage national industrial recovery,
to foster competition, and to provide for
the construction of certain useful
public works, and for other purposes</title>
approved June 16, 1933, provides as follows:

 
<q><p>Section 217(a) The President
shall proclaim the date of
<list type=ordered>
<item n='(1)'>the close of the first fiscal
year ending June 30 of any year after the
year 1933, during which the total receipts
of the United States (excluding
public-debt receipts)exceed its total
expenditures (excluding public-debt
expenditures other than those
chargeable against such receipts),
or</item>
<item n='(2)'>the repeal of the
eighteenth amendment to the Constitution,
</item>
</list>
whichever is the earlier.</p>
</q></p>
 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Whereas</hi> it appears from
a certificate issued December 5, 1933, by the
Acting Secretary of State that official notices
have been received by the Department of State
that on the fifth day of December, 1933,
Conventions in thirty-six States of the
United States, constituting three-fourths of
the whole number of the States had ratified the
said repeal amendment:</p>
 
<p>Now, <hi rend='sc'>therefore, I, Franklin
D. Roosevelt</hi>, President of the United
States of America pursuant to the provisions
of Section 217(a) of the said Act of June 16,
1933, do hereby proclaim that
the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States was repealed on the fifth
day of December, 1933.</p>
 
<p><hi rend='sc'>Furthermore</hi>, I enjoin
upon all citizens of the United States and
upon others resident within the jurisdiction
thereof, to co-operate with the Government
in its endeavor to restore greater respect
for law and order, by confining such purchases
of alcoholic beverages as they may make
solely to those dealers or agencies which
have been duly licensed by State or Federal
license.</p>
 
<!-- ... -->
 
<p>I call specific attention to
the authority given by the 21st Amendment
to the Constitution to prohibit transportation
or importation of intoxicating liquors into
any State in violation of the laws of such
State.</p>
<p>I ask the wholehearted cooperation of all our
citizens to the end that this return of individual
freedom shall not be accompanied by the repugnant
conditions that obtained prior to the adoption of
the 18th Amendment and those that have existed
since its adoption.  Failure to do this honestly
and courageously will be a living reproach to us
all.</p>
<p>I ask especially that no State shall by law
or otherwise authorize the return of the saloon
either in its old form or in some modern guise.
</p>
 
<!-- ... -->
 
<p><hi rend='sc'>In witness whereof</hi>,
I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the United States to be
affixed.</p>
 
<note resp='ed' place=inline><p>The 72d
Congress, which
convened following the 1932 election,
passed the Twenty-first Amendment to the
Constitution to repeal the Eighteenth
Amendment.</p>
<p> <!-- ... --> </p>
</note>
 
</div>

 
<!-- ... -->
</body></text>
</tei.2>