From: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mmusic-img-req-01.txt Reference: draft-ietf-mmusic-img-req-01.txt Title: Protocol Requirements for Internet Media Guides -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internet Engineering Task Force MMUSIC WG Internet Draft Y. Nomura Fujitsu Labs. R. Walsh J-P. Luoma Nokia J. Ott Universitaet Bremen H. Schulzrinne Columbia University draft-ietf-mmusic-img-req-01.txt December 2, 2003 Expires: March 2004 Protocol Requirements for Internet Media Guides STATUS OF THIS MEMO This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt To view the list Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract This memo specifies requirements for a protocol for accessing and updating Internet Media Guide (IMG) information for media-on-demand and multicast applications. These requirements are designed to guide development of an IMG protocol for efficient and scalable delivery. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 1] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................ 2 1.1 Background and Motivation ........................... 2 1.2 Scope of this Document .............................. 4 2 Terminology ......................................... 4 3 Problem Statement ................................... 5 4 Requirements ........................................ 6 4.1 General Requirements ................................ 6 4.1.1 Independence of IMG Operations from IMG Metadata .... 6 4.1.2 Multiple IMG Senders ................................ 6 4.1.3 Modularity .......................................... 6 4.2 Delivery Properties ................................. 7 4.2.1 Scalability ......................................... 7 4.2.2 Support for Intermittent Connectivity ............... 7 4.2.3 Congestion Control .................................. 8 4.2.4 Sender and Receiver Driven Delivery ................. 8 4.3 Customized IMGs ..................................... 8 4.4 Reliability ......................................... 9 4.4.1 Managing consistency ................................ 9 4.4.2 Reliable Message Exchange ........................... 10 4.5 IMG Descriptions .................................... 10 5 Security Considerations ............................. 11 5.1 IMG Authentication and Integrity .................... 12 5.2 Privacy ............................................. 13 5.3 Access Control for IMGs ............................. 13 5.4 Denial-of-Service attacks ........................... 14 5.5 Replay Attacks ...................................... 14 6 Acknowledgements .................................... 14 7 Normative References ................................ 14 8 Informative References .............................. 15 9 Authors' Addresses .................................. 15 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Motivation For some ten years, multicast-based (multimedia) conferences (including IETF WG sessions) as well as broadcasts of lectures/seminars, concerts, and other events have been used in the Internet, more precisely, on the MBONE. Schedules and descriptions for such multimedia sessions as well as the transport addresses, codecs, and their parameters have been described using SDP [1] as a rudimentary (but as of then largely sufficient) means. Dissemination of the descriptions has been performed using the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) [2] and tools such as SD [3] or SDR [4]; descriptions have also been put up on web pages, sent by electronic mail, etc. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 2] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 Recently, interest has grown to expand -- or better: to generalize -- the applicability of these kinds of session descriptions. Descriptions are becoming more elaborate in terms of included metadata; more generic regarding the types of media sessions; and possibly also support other transports than just IP (e.g. legacy TV channel addresses). This peers well with the DVB Organization's increased activities towards IP-based communications over satellite, cable, and terrestrial radio networks, also considering IP as the basis for TV broadcasts and further services. The program/content descriptions are referred to as Internet Media Guides (IMGs) and can be viewed as a generalization of Electronic Program Guides (EPGs) and multimedia session descriptions. An Internet Media Guide (IMG) is a structured collection of multimedia session descriptions expressed using SDP, SDPng or some similar session description format. It is used to describe a set of multimedia sessions (e.g. television program schedules, content delivery schedules etc.) but may also refer to other networked resources including web pages. An IMG provides an envelope for metadata formats and session descriptions defined elsewhere with the aim of facilitating structuring, versioning, referencing, distributing, and maintaining (caching, updating) such information. The IMG metadata must be delivered to a potentially large audience, who use it to join a subset of the sessions described, and who may need to be notified of changes to the IMG. Hence, a framework for distributing IMG metadata in various different ways is needed to accommodate the needs of different audiences: For traditional broadcast-style scenarios, multicast-based (push) distribution of IMG metadata needs to be supported. Where no multicast is available, unicast-based push is required, too. Furthermore, IMG metadata may need to be retrieved interactively, similar to web pages (e.g. after rebooting a system or when a user is browsing after network connectivity has been re-established). Finally, IMG metadata may be updated as time elapses because content described in the guide may be changed: for example, the airtime of an event such as a concert or sports event may change, possibly affecting the airtime of subsequent media. This may be done by polling the IMG as well as asynchronous change notifications. Furthermore, we assume that any Internet host can be a sender of content and thus an IMG. Some of the content sources and sinks may only be connected to the Internet sporadically. Also, a single human user may use many different devices to access metadata. Thus, we envision that IMG metadata can be sent and received by, among others, by cellular phones, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), personal computer, streaming video server, set-top box, video camera, and PVR (Personal Video Recorder) and that they be carried across arbitrary Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 3] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 types of link layers, including bandwidth-constrained mobile networks. Finally, with many potential senders and sinks, different types of networks, and presumably numerous service providers, IMG metadata may need to be combined, split, filtered, augmented, modified, etc. on their way from the sender(s) to the receiver(s) to provide the ultimate user with a suitable selection of multimedia programs according to her preferences, subscriptions, location, context (e.g. devices, access networks), etc. 1.2 Scope of this Document This document defines requirements that Internet Media Guide (IMG) mechanisms must satisfy in order to deliver IMG to a potentially large audience. Since the IMG can describe many kinds of multimedia content, IMG methods are generally applicable to several scenarios. In considering wide applicability, this document provides the problem statement and existing mechanisms in this area. Then gives general requirements that are independent of any transport layer mechanism and application, such as delivery properties, reliability and IMG descriptions. This document reflects investigating work on delivery mechanisms for IMGs and generalizing work on session announcement and initiation protocols, especially in the field of the MMUSIC working group (SAP, SIP [5], SDP). 2 Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [6]. Internet Media Guide (IMG): IMG is a generic term to describe the formation, delivery and use of IMG metadata. The definition of the IMG is intentionally left imprecise. IMG Metadata: This is a set of metadata describing the features of multimedia content used to enable selection of and access to media sessions containing content. For example, metadata may consist of the URI, title, airtime, bandwidth needed, file size, text summary, genre, and access restrictions. IMG Delivery: The process of exchanging IMG metadata both in terms of large scale and atomic data transfers. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 4] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 IMG Sender: An IMG sender is a logical entity that sends IMGs to one or more IMG receivers. IMG Receiver: An IMG receiver is a logical entity that receives IMGs from an IMG sender. IMG Transceiver: An IMG transceiver combines an IMG receiver and sender. It may modify original IMGs or merge several IMGs from a different IMG sender. IMG Operation: An atomic process for the IMG transport protocol to deliver IMG metadata or control IMG sender(s) or IMG receiver(s). IMG Transport Protocol: A protocol that transports IMG metadata from IMG sender to IMG receiver(s) 3 Problem Statement The MMUSIC working group has long been investigating content, media and service information delivery mechanisms and protocols, and has itself produces Session Announcement Protocol (SAP), Session Description Protocol (SDP), and the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). SDP is capable of describing multimedia sessions (i.e. content in a wider sense) by means of limited descriptive information intended for human perception plus transport, scheduling information, and codecs and addresses for setting up media sessions. SIP and SAP are protocols to distribute these session descriptions. HTTP is a well known data retrieval protocol using bi-directional transport and widely used to deliver content descriptions to many hosts. However, we perceive a lack of standard solution for scalable IMG delivery mechanism in the number of receivers with consistency of IMG metadata between an IMG sender and IMG receiver for both bi- directional and unidirectional transport. With increased service dynamics and complexity, there is an increased requirement for updates to these content descriptions. Whenever an HTTP client requires updated content descriptions, the client has to reload those using the same URL. For mass media, the large number of users polling a server causes scalability and congestion concerns and so the technique is feasible only if the period between reloading is long and the amount of content descriptions or the number of users is small. A well-behaved implementation limits the timeliness of receiver-side updates for mass audiences. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 5] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 The unicast equivalent of this is to maintain a unicast connection/session between sender and receiver for the whole time a receiver is interested in a service. This may be feasible in many wire line systems for servers with only a few receivers, but both of these become less attractive for both wireless links and large numbers of sender-receiver connections, especially as both of these share a resource (the radio bandwidth or the server resources) and thus limit the number of receivers that can be served, without additional infrastructure investment. We also perceive a lack of standard solution for flexible content descriptions to support a multitude of application-specific data models with differing amount of detail and different target audiences. 4 Requirements 4.1 General Requirements 4.1.1 Independence of IMG Operations from IMG Metadata REQ GEN-1: Carrying different kinds of IMG metadata format in the IMG message body MUST be allowed. REQ GEN-2: Delivery mechanisms SHOULD support many different applications specific metadata formats to keep the system interoperable with existing applications. This provides flexibility in selecting/designing delivery protocol suited to various scenarios. 4.1.2 Multiple IMG Senders REQ GEN-3: IMG receivers MUST be allowed to communicate with any number of IMG senders simultaneously. This might lead to receiving redundant IMG metadata describing the same items, however it enables receiver access to more IMG metadata than may be available from a single IMG sender. This also provides flexibility for the delivery protocols and does not preclude a mechanism to solve inconsistency among IMG metadata due to multiple IMG senders. This document assumes a typical IMG environment will involve many more receivers than senders and that senders are continually connected for the duration of interest (rather than intermittently connected). 4.1.3 Modularity Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 6] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 REQ GEN-4: The IMG delivery mechanisms MUST allow the combination of several IMG Operations. This is for the purpose of extending functionality (e.g. several or one protocol(s) to provide all the needed operations). Applications can select an appropriate operation set to fulfill their purpose. 4.2 Delivery Properties This section describes general performance requirements based on the assumption that the range of IMG usage shall be important. However, it may be noted that requirements of delivery properties may vary based on the usage scenario, and thus some limited use implementations place less importance on some requirements. For example, it is clear that a multicast transport may provide more scalable delivery than a unicast transport, however scalability requirements do not preclude the unicast transport mechanisms. In this sense, scalability is always important for the protocols irrespective of transport mechanisms. 4.2.1 Scalability REQ DEL-1: The system MUST be scalable in that it does not fail to deliver up-to-date information under huge numbers of transactions and massive quantities of IMG metadata. REQ DEL-2: IMGs SHOULD provide a method to prevent an IMG sender from sending verbose IMG metadata that have been stored or deleted in IMG receivers. Note, 'verbose' data is unneeded or unused detail or repetitions. REQ DEL-3: The protocol MUST be scalable to very large audience sizes requiring IMG delivery. 4.2.2 Support for Intermittent Connectivity REQ DEL-4: The system MUST enable IMG receivers with intermittent access to network resources (connectivity) to receive and adequately maintain sufficient IMG metadata. This allows intermittent access to save power where there is no need to keep communications links powered-up while they are sitting idle. For instance, in this situation periodic bursts of notifies, or a fast cycling update carousel, allows hosts to wake up for short periods of time and still be kept up-to-date. This can be beneficial for receivers with sporadic connects to the fixed Internet, but is critical in the battery-powered wireless Internet. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 7] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 4.2.3 Congestion Control REQ DEL-5: Internet-friendly congestion control MUST be provided for use on the public Internet. For instance, notifications of updates (containing only minimal change related data) can reduce congestion, especially for very large groups, while allowing individual "congestion free" parts of the Internet to do things "their way". Where some hosts are on unidirectional links, and other have bi-directional links (or both), this is sensible "diversity". REQ DEL-6: An IMG entity SHOULD invalidate the IMG metadata item when an IMG metadata item has lifetime information and its lifetime is over. This mechanism can reduce notifications of updates from the IMG sender to receiver to invalidate the item. It may be beneficial for congestion control. 4.2.4 Sender and Receiver Driven Delivery REQ DEL-7: The system MUST be flexible in choosing sender-driven, receiver-driven or both delivery schemes. Sender-driven delivery achieves high scalability without interaction between the IMG sender and receiver. This avoids keeping track of a delivery state of every receiver. In contrast, the receiver-driven delivery provides on-demand delivery for IMG receivers. Since a sender's complete IMG metadata may be a very large amount of data, the IMG receiver needs to be able to access the guide when convenient (e.g., when sufficient network bandwidth is available to the receiver). 4.3 Customized IMGs REQ CUS-1: The system MUST allow delivery of customized IMG metadata. The IMG receiver may require a subset of all the IMG metadata available according to their preferences (type of content, media description, appropriate age group, etc.) and configuration. The IMG receiver might send its preferences in the IMG operations which can specify user specific IMG metadata to be delivered. These preferences could consist of filtering rules. When receiving these messages, the IMG sender might respond appropriate messages carrying a subset of IMG metadata which matches the receiver's preferences. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 8] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 This mechanism can reduce the amount of IMG metadata delivered from the sender to receiver, and consequently it can save the resource consumption on the IMG entities and networks. It is typically useful in unicast case and also beneficial in multicast case where IMG sender distributes the same IMG metadata to interested IMG receivers at the same time. For multicast and unicast cases where the IMG sender does not provide customized IMG metadata, the IMG receiver could receive all IMG metadata transmitted (on its joined channels). However, it may select and filter the IMG metadata to get customized IMG metadata by its preferences, and thus drop unwanted metadata immediately upon reception. Customized metadata might be achieved by changing the IMG descriptors sent and receivers and/or changing the delivery properties (channels used). Note, customization and scalability are only somewhat exclusive. Systems providing receiver to sender request-based customization, will be generally less scalable to massive receiver populations than those without this return signaling technique. Thus, customization, as with any feature which effects scalability, should be carefully designed for the intended application, and it may not be possible that a one-size-fits-all solution for customization would meet the scalability requirements for all applications and deployment cases. 4.4 Reliability 4.4.1 Managing consistency IMG metadata tends to change as time elapses, as new content is added, the old IMG metadata stored in the IMG receiver becomes unavailable and the parameters of the existing IMG metadata are changed. REQ REL-1: The system MUST manage IMG metadata consistency. The IMG sender can either simply make updates available (unsynchronized) or IMG sender and receiver can interact to keep their copies of the IMG metadata synchronized. In the unsynchronized model, the sender does not know whether a particular receiver has an up-to-date copy of the IMG metadata. In the synchronized model, updating cached copy of the IMG metadata is necessary to control consistency when the IMG sender or receiver could not communicate for a while. In this case, the IMG sender or Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 9] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 receiver may need to confirm its consistency by IMG operations. REQ REL-2: Since IMG metadata can change at any time, IMG receivers SHOULD be notified of such changes. Depending on the size of the guide, the interested party may want to defer retrieving the actual information. The change notification should be addressed to a logical user (or user group), not a host, since users may change devices. Note that depending on the deployment environment and application specifics, the level of acceptable inconsistency varies. Thus, this document does not define inconsistency as specific time and state differences between IMG metadata stored in an IMG sender and IMG metadata stored in an IMG receiver. In general, the consistency of metadata for a content and media is more important immediately prior to and during the media's session(s). Hosts which forward (or otherwise resend) metadata may be less tolerant to inconsistencies as delivering out of date data is both misleading and bandwidth inefficient. By contrast, intermittent connectivity make immediate distribution of changes infeasible and so managing data consistency should be focused on the timely delivery of data. 4.4.2 Reliable Message Exchange REQ REL-3: An IMG transport protocol MUST support reliable message exchange. The extent to which this could result in 100% error free delivery to 100% of receivers is a statistical characteristic of the protocols used. Usage of reliable IMG delivery mechanisms is expected to depend on the extent to which underlying networks provide reliability and, conversely, introduce errors. Note, some deployments of IMG transport protocols may not aim to provide perfect reception to all receivers in all possible cases. 4.5 IMG Descriptions REQ DES-1: IMG metadata MUST be interoperable over any IMG delivery protocol, such that an application receiving the same metadata over any one (or more) of several network connections and/or delivery protocols will interpret the metadata in exactly the same way. (This also relates to the 'Independence of IMG Operations from IMG Metadata' requirement). Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 10] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 REQ DES-2: IMG delivery MUST enable the carriage of any format of application-specific metadata. Thus, the system will support the description of many kinds of multimedia content, without the need for a single homogenous metadata syntax for all uses (which would be infeasible anyway). This is essential for environments using IMG systems to support many kinds of multimedia content and to achieve wide applicability. REQ DES-3: Whereas specific applications relying on IMGs will need to select one or more specific application-specific metadata formats (standard, syntax, etc.), the IMG system MUST be independent of this (it may be aware, but it will operate in the same way for all). Thus, a transfer envelope format, that is uniform across all different application-specific IMG metadata formats, is needed. The payload of this transfer envelope would be some application-specific metadata. REQ DES-4: IMG metadata MUST be structured such that it is possible to deliver only part of a sender's (and the global) complete IMG metadata knowledge. REQ DES-5: A transfer envelope MUST be defined to include essential parameters. Examples of essential parameters are those that allow the metadata in question to be uniquely identified and updated by new versions of the same metadata. REQ DES-6: It SHALL be possible to deduce the metadata format from the transfer envelope. REQ DES-7: IMG senders SHALL use the transfer envelope for each IMG metadata transfer. Thus, it will even be possible to describe relationships between syntactically dissimilar application-specific formats within the same body of IMG metadata knowledge. REQ DES-8: IMG metadata SHOULD support to describe differences between update version and old version of IMG metadata when IMG delivery mechanism carries updated IMG metadata and those differences are considerably little. (This also relates the delivery property requirements for congestion control in Section 4.2.3). 5 Security Considerations Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 11] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 Internet Media Guides are used to convey information about multimedia resources from one or more senders across one or intermediaries to one or more receivers. IMG metadata may be pushed to the receivers or interactively retrieved by them. IMGs provide metadata as well as scheduling and rendezvous information about multimedia resources, etc. and requests for IMG metadata may contain information about the requesting users. The information contained in IMG metadata as well as the operations related to IMGs should be secured to avoid forging information, misdirecting users, spoofing senders, etc. and to protect user privacy. The remainder of section addresses the security requirements for IMGs. 5.1 IMG Authentication and Integrity IMG metadata and its parts need to be protected against unauthorized altering/adding/deletion on the way. Their originator needs to be authenticated. REQ AUT-1: It MUST be possible to authenticate the originator of a set of IMG metadata. REQ AUT-2: It MUST be possible to authenticate the originator of a subpart of IMG metadata (e.g. a delta or a subset of the information). REQ AUT-3: It MUST be possible to validate the integrity of IMG metadata. REQ AUT-4: It MUST be possible to validate the integrity of a subpart of IMG metadata (e.g. a delta or a subset of the information). REQ AUT-5: It MUST be possible to separate or combine individually authenticated pieces of IMG metadata (e.g. in an IMG transceiver) without invalidating the authentication. REQ AUT-6: It MUST be possible to validate the integrity of an individually authenticated piece of IMG metadata even after this piece had been separated from other pieces of IMG metadata and combined with other pieces to form new IMG metadata. REQ AUT-7: It MUST be possible to authenticate the originator of an IMG operation. REQ AUT-8: It MUST be possible to validate the integrity of any Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 12] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 contents of an IMG operation (e.g. the subscription or inquiry information). 5.2 Privacy Customized IMG metadata and IMG metadata delivered by notification to individual users may reveal information about the habits and preferences of a user and may thus deserve confidentiality protection, even though the information itself is public. REQ PRI-1: It MUST be possible to keep user requests to subscribe to or retrieve certain (parts of) IMG metadata confidential. REQ PRI-2: It MUST be possible to keep IMG metadata, pieces of IMG metadata, or pointers to IMG metadata delivered to individual users or groups of users confidential. REQ PRI-3: It SHOULD be possible to ensure this confidentiality end- to-end, that is, to prevent intermediaries (such as IMG transceivers) from accessing the contained information. 5.3 Access Control for IMGs Some IMG metadata may be freely available, while access to other may be restricted to closed user groups (e.g. paying subscribers). Also, different parts of IMG metadata may be protected at different levels: e.g. metadata describing a media session may be freely accessible while rendezvous information to actually access the media session may require authorization. REQ ACC-1: It MUST be possible to authorize user access to IMG metadata. REQ ACC-2: It MUST be possible to authorize access of users to pieces of IMG metadata (delta information, subparts, pointers). REQ ACC-3: It MUST be possible to require different authorization for different parts of the same IMG metadata. REQ ACC-4: It MUST be possible to access selected IMG metadata anonymously. REQ ACC-5: It MUST be possible for an IMG receiver to choose not to receive (parts of) IMG metadata in order to avoid being identified by the sender. REQ ACC-6: It SHOULD be possible for IMG transceiver to impose different authorization requirements. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 13] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 REQ ACC-7: It MAY be possible for IMG senders to require certain authorization that cannot be overridden by intermediaries. 5.4 Denial-of-Service attacks Retrieving or distributing IMG metadata may require state in the senders, transceivers, and/or receivers for the respective IMG delivery sessions. Attackers may create large numbers of sessions with any of the above IMG entities to disrupt regular operation. REQ DOS-1: IMG operations SHOULD be authenticated. REQ DOS-2: It SHOULD be possible to prevent DoS attacks that build up session state in IMG entities to exhaust their resources. REQ DOS-3: It SHOULD be possible to avoid DoS attacks that exhaust resources of IMG entities by flooding them with IMG metadata. 5.5 Replay Attacks IMG metadata disseminated by the sender or a transceiver may be updated, deleted, or lose validity over time for some other reasons. Replaying outdated IMG metadata needs to be prevented. Furthermore, replay attacks may also apply to IMG operations (rather than just their payload). Replaying operations needs also be prevented. REQ REP-1: IMG metadata MUST be protected against partial or full replacement of newer ("current") versions by older ones. REQ REP-2: Mechanisms MUST be provided to mitigate replay attacks on the IMG operations. 6 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Hitoshi Asaeda, Petri Koskelainen, Toni Paila and Dirk Kutscher for their comments and ideas on this work. 7 Normative References [1] M. Handley and V. Jacobson, ``SDP: session description protocol,'' RFC 2327, Internet Engineering Task Force, Apr. 1998. [2] M. Handley, C. E. Perkins, and E. Whelan, ``Session announcement Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 14] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 protocol,'' RFC 2974, Internet Engineering Task Force, Oct. 2000. [5] J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne, G. Camarillo, A. R. Johnston, J. Peterson, R. Sparks, M. Handley, and E. Schooler, ``SIP: session initiation protocol,'' RFC 3261, Internet Engineering Task Force, June 2002. [6] S. Bradner, ``Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement levels,'' RFC 2119, Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar. 1997. 8 Informative References [3] Session Directory, ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/conferencing/sd/ [4] Session Directory Tool, http://www- mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/multimedia/software/sdr/ 9 Authors' Addresses Yuji Nomura Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. 4-1-1 Kamikodanaka, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8588 Japan Email: nom@flab.fujitsu.co.jp Rod Walsh Nokia Research Center P.O. Box 100, FIN-33721 Tampere Finland Email: rod.walsh@nokia.com Juha-Pekka Luoma Nokia Research Center P.O. Box 100, FIN-33721 Tampere Finland Email: juha-pekka.luoma@nokia.com Joerg Ott Universitaet Bremen MZH 5180 Bibliothekstr. 1 D-28359 Bremen Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 15] Internet Draft IMG Requirements December 2, 2003 Germany Email: jo@tzi.uni-bremen.de Henning Schulzrinne Dept. of Computer Science Columbia University 1214 Amsterdam Avenue New York, NY 10027 USA Email: schulzrinne@cs.columbia.edu Full Copyright Statement Copyright (c) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Y. Nomura et. al. [Page 16]