Services to Citizens Include the delivery of citizen-focused, public, and collective goods and/or benefits as a service and/or obligation of the federal government to the benefit and protection of the nation's general population. Support Delivery of Services Aid the cause, policies, and interests that facilitate the federal government's delivery of Citizen Services Internal Operations (Inter-Agency) Refers to the back office support activities that enable the government to operate. Inter-Agency Operations includes all processes associated with the provision of back office or infrastructure support between two or more agencies. Internal Operations (Intra-Agency) Refers to the back office support activities that enable the government to operate. Intra-Agency Operations Intra-Agency Operations includes all processes associated with the provision of back office or infrastructure support within a single agency. Consumer Safety Consumer Safety includes all activities associated with the monitoring and enforcement of laws and regulations addressing the safety and well being of the consumer. Defense and National Security Operations Defense & National Security Operations encompasses all activities associated with protecting U.S. citizens and property, as well as foreign allies from enemy aggression. This includes but is not limited to military operations, border protection, and intelligence gathering activities. Diplomacy and Foreign Relations Diplomacy & Foreign Relations involves the activities that promote U.S. policies and interests beyond our national borders. This includes the negotiation of conflict resolution, treaties, and agreements. In addition, this function includes the promotion of foreign economic development and social/political development. Disaster Management Disaster Management involves the activities required to prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and repair the effects of all disasters whether natural or man-made. Domestic Economy Domestic Economy captures the activities required to promote both private sector/industry development and sustainable monetary controls. Note: The promotion of U.S. business overseas is captured in the function, "Diplomacy and Foreign Relations." Education Education involves the actual instruction of the American public. This includes formal education, training, advising, and consulting. Energy Management Energy Management involves the procurement and management of energy resources and production, the sale and distribution of energy, and the management of spent fuel resources. Energy management includes all types of mass-produced energy (e.g., hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, solar, or fossil fuels). Also included in this Line of Business is the oversight of private industry. Environmental Management Environmental Management includes all functions required to determine proper environmental standards and ensure their compliance. Insurance Insurance involves the issuing and servicing of insurance products. Law Enforcement Law Enforcement involves the protection of people, places and things from criminal activity resulting from non-compliance with U.S. laws. This includes patrols, undercover operations, response to emergency calls, as well as arrests, raids, and seizures of property. Legal Legal involves all activities necessary for the development and oversight of Federal programs. Marketable Asset Management Marketable Asset Management encompasses the activities associated with the acquisition, oversight, tracking, and sale of non-internal assets managed by the federal government with a commercial value and sold to the private sector. Public Asset Management Asset Management encompasses the activities associated with the acquisition, oversight, and tracking of non-internal assets managed by the federal government and considered a public good without a commercial value. Public Health Public Health involves the protection and improvement of the health of the nation by such means as preventive medicine and immunizations, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of public health hazards. Recreation and Natural Resources Recreation & Natural Resources includes all activities involved in conservation planning, land management, forecasting and tourism that affect the nation's natural and recreational resources both private and federal. Note: Energy-related natural resources are covered in the Energy Management line of business. Regulated Activity Approvals Regulated Activity Approvals involves granting permission to conduct a regulated activity within the United States. Research and Development and Science Research and Development and Science involves the gathering and analysis of data, dissemination of results, and development of new products, methodologies, and ideas. Revenue Collection Revenue Collection includes the collection of government income from all sources. Social Services Social Services involves all activities associated with the provision of goods, services, and benefits in kind to enhance the social welfare of the U.S. public. This includes earned and entitled assistance programs that provide services such as medical care, housing, and welfare. Trade (Import/Export) Trade encompasses all activities associated with the importing and exporting of goods to and from the United States. This includes goods declaration, fee payments, and delivery/shipment authorization. Transportation Transportation involves all federally supported activities related to the safe passage, conveyance, or transportation of goods and/or people. Workforce Management Workforce Management includes the development and enforcement of regulations and the implementation of programs to promote equal employment opportunities, workplace safety, and disability related issues, etc. Note: Labor statistics are developed in the Research and Development Line of Business and disseminated in the Communications and Outreach Sub-Function within the Public Affairs Line of Business. Controls and Oversight Controls and Oversight ensures that the operations and programs of the Federal government and its external business partners comply with applicable laws and regulations and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse. Business Management of Information TBD Federal Financial Assistance Federal Financial Assistance involves the management of instruments that provide direct monetary assistance to the recipient intended to carry out a public purpose (e.g. education, research & development). Internal Risk Management and Mitigation Internal Risk Management and Mitigation involves all activities relating to the processes of analyzing exposure to risk and determining appropriate counter-measures. Legislative Management TBD Regulatory Management Regulatory Management involves activities associated with providing input to the lawmaking process in developing regulations, policies, and guidance to implement laws. Planning and Resource Allocation Planning and Resource Allocation involves the activities of determining strategic direction, identifying and establishing programs and processes to enable change, and allocating resources (capital and labor) among those programs and processes. Public Affairs Public Affairs involves the exchange of information and communication between the federal government and citizens in direct support of citizen services, public policy, and/or national interest. Administration (Inter-Agency) Administration involves the day-to-day management and maintenance of the internal infrastructure. Financial Management Financial Management involves the aggregate set of accounting practices and procedures which allow for the accurate, efficient, transparent, and effective handling of all government revenues, funding, and expenditures. Human Resources Human Resources involves all activities associated with the recruitment and management of personnel. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management involves the purchasing, tracking, and overall management of goods and services. Administration (Intra-Agency) Administration involves the day-to-day management and maintenance of the internal infrastructure. Financial Management Financial Management involves the aggregate set of accounting practices and procedures which allow for the accurate, efficient, transparent, and effective handling of all government revenues, funding, and expenditures. Human Resources Human Resources involves all activities associated with the recruitment and management of personnel. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management involves the purchasing, tracking, and overall management of goods and services. Antitrust Control Antitrust Control involves the prevention of anti-competitive business mergers and practices as well as regulation of fair market practices. Consumer Products Quality Assurance Consumer Products Quality Assurance supports activities associated with the inspection, education and evaluation of food, pharmaceuticals and other consumer products. Firearms and Explosives Safety Firearms and Explosives Safety involves the education, safety, and protection of citizens from firearms, and explosives. Monetary Protection Monetary Protection includes the activities involved in supervising and ensuring the integrity of the commercial financial industry and the services it delivers. Anti-Terrorism Anti-terrorism involves all actions taken in the monitoring and assessment of the leadership, motivations, plans, and intentions of foreign and domestic terrorist groups and their state and non-state sponsors. Border Control Border Control involves enforcing the laws regulating the admission of foreign-born persons (i.e., aliens) to the United States. This involves the patrolling and monitoring of borders as well as deportation of illegal aliens. Intelligence Gathering Intelligence Gathering involves the development and management of accurate, comprehensive, and timely foreign intelligence on national security topics. Military Operations Military Operations involve the activities that take place during base trainings, military conflicts, and peacekeeping missions. Weapons Control Weapons Control involves the actions taken to monitor and protect U.S. weaponry, as well as the oversight and control of arms in other countries. Weapons Control applies to conventional, biological, chemical, and nuclear weaponry. Conflict Resolution Conflict Resolution involves the mitigation and prevention of disputes stemming from inter and intra-state disagreements. Foreign Socio-Economic and Political Development Foreign Socio-Economic and Political Development refers to the implementation of programs relating to debt relief, foreign investments, poverty alleviation and food relief, foreign market expansion, and donations, as well as the establishment of policies and procedures to facilitate economic development. Treaties and Agreements Treaties and Agreements involves the negotiation and implementation of accords with foreign governments and organizations in efforts related to arms reduction and regulation, trade matters, criminal investigations and extraditions, and other various types of foreign policy. Disaster Monitoring and Prediction Disaster Monitoring and Prediction involves the actions taken to predict when and where a disaster may take place and communicate that information to affected parties. Disaster Preparedness and Planning Disaster Preparedness and Planning involves the development of response programs to be used in case of a disaster. This involves the development of emergency management programs and activities as well as staffing and equipping regional response centers. Disaster Repair and Restore Disaster Repair and Restore involves the cleanup and restoration activities that take place after a disaster. This involves the cleanup and rebuilding of any homes, buildings, roads, environmental resources, or infrastructure that may be damaged due to a disaster. Emergency Response Emergency Response involves the immediate actions taken to respond to a disaster. These actions include, but are not limited to, providing mobile telecommunications, operational support, power generation, search and rescue, and medical life saving actions. Business/Industry Development Business/Industry Development supports activities related to the creation of economic and business opportunities and stimulus, and the promotion of financial and economic stability for corporations and citizens involved in different types of business. Fiscal/Monetary Control Monetary Control is any activity relating to the creation, regulation, and control of the nation's currency and coinage supply and demand. Advising and Consulting Advising and Consulting involves the guidance and consultative services provided by the federal government. External Training and Education External Training and Education supports all training and formal educational activities performed by the government for the general public's use and edification (e.g., Military Academies, ROTC, and USDA Graduate School). Promote Education Promote Education involves marketing and advancing educational services and outcomes. Energy Distribution Energy Distribution involves the sale and transportation of commodity fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, and radioactive materials. This function also includes distributing and transferring power, electric generation, and/or storage located near the point of use. Energy Production Energy Production involves the transformation of raw energy resources into useable, deliverable energy. Energy Resource Management Energy Resource Management involves the management of energy producing resources including facilities, land, and offshore resources. Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring involves the observation of environmental conditions including regulated and non-regulated emissions. Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation supports the immediate and long-term activities associated with the correcting and offsetting of environmental deficiencies or imbalances. Pollution Prevention and Control Pollution Prevention and Control includes activities associated with the establishment of environmental standards to control the levels of harmful substances emitted into the soil, water and atmosphere. Insurance Issuing Insurance Issuing is any activity required of the provision of insurance such as Provider Approval, Underwriting, and Endorsements. Insurance Servicing Insurance Servicing supports activities associated with administering and processing insurance. These activities include Payment Processing, Initial and Final Closings, Loss Mitigation, Claims Management, and Retiring Insurance. Criminal Apprehension Criminal Apprehension supports activities associated with the tracking and capture of groups or individuals believed to be responsible of committing federal crimes. Criminal Incarceration Criminal Incarceration includes activities associated with the housing, custody and general care of criminals sentenced to serve time in a Federal penitentiary. Criminal Investigation and Surveillance Criminal Investigation and Surveillance includes the collection of evidence required to determine responsibility for a crime and the monitoring and questioning of affected parties. Citizen Protection Citizen Protection involves all activities performed to protect the general population of the United States from criminal activity. Crime Prevention Crime Prevention entails all efforts designed to create safer communities through the control and reduction of crime by addressing the causes of crime and reducing the opportunities of crime. Intellectual Property Protection Intellectual Property Protection involves law enforcement activities involving the enforcement of intellectual property including inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce Leadership Protection Leadership protection involves all activities performed to protect the health and well being of the president, vice-president, their families, and other high-level officials. Property Protection Property protection entails all activities performed to ensure the security of civilian property. Substance Control Substance Control supports activities associated with the enforcement of legal substances (i.e., alcohol and tobacco) and illegal narcotics laws including trafficking, possession, sale, distribution, and other related activities. Judicial Hearings Judicial Hearings includes activities associated with conducting a hearing in a court of law to settle a dispute. Legal Defense Legal Defense refers to the representation of a defendant in a criminal/civil court of law in an attempt to prove innocence. Legal Investigation Legal Investigation supports activities associated with gathering information about a given party (gov agency, citizen, corporation) that would be admissible in a court of law, in an attempt to prove guilt or innocence. Legal Prosecution/Litigation Legal Prosecution/Litigation includes all activities involved with presenting a case in a legal proceeding both in a criminal or civil court of law in an attempt to prove guilt/responsibility. Resolution Facilitation Resolution Facilitation involves all activities outside of a court of law that may be used in an attempt to settle a dispute between two or more parties (government, citizen, corporation). Real Property Management Real Property Management involves the actions of storing, marketing, sale and delivery of houses, land, apartments, commercial buildings etc. owned by the Federal Government to the private citizen. Personal Property Management Personal Property Management involves the actions of storing, marketing sale and delivery of boats, cars, planes, jewelry, mineral rights, etc. owned by the Federal Government to the private citizen. Financial Asset Management Financial Asset Management involves the actions of marketing, sale, and delivery of mortgages, securitized loans, savings bonds, securities etc. owned by the Federal Government to the private citizen. Cultural Archives and Artifacts Cultural Archives and Artifacts involves the storage and management of records, documents, memorabilia, art, and other materials of national, historical, archaeological, or cultural interest. Public Facilities Public Facilities involves the construction, maintenance, and management of facilities used to provide services and access to the public (ex dams, cemeteries, etc). Public Funds Public Funds involves the monitoring and management of public financial instruments for citizens such as treasury bonds and trust funds (ex. Indian Trust Fund). Public Records/Data Management Public Records/Data Management involves the management of federal records, registers and documents on behalf of the citizen including, but not limited to, historical documents, patent, trademark, and copyright information, and other citizen-focused records. Illness Prevention Illness Prevention supports activities associated with the prevention and mitigation of illness and diseases. Immunization Management Immunization Management includes all activities associated with the preparation, storage and use of inoculations and vaccinations. Public Health Monitoring Public Health Monitoring involves activities associated with monitoring the public health and tracking the spread of disease. Conservation Planning Conservation Planning manages activities to preserve land, water, wildlife and natural resources both domestically and internationally. Public Land and Monument Management Public Land and Monument Management involves the responsibilities of surveying, maintaining, and operating public lands and monuments. Tourism Management Tourism Management involves the management of national parks, monuments, and tourist attractions as well as visitor centers, campsites, and park service facilities. License Issuing and Control License Issuing and Control supports activities associated with granting, revoking, and the overall management of licenses necessary to perform a task or function. Note: Licenses are generally easy to obtain and do not require rigorous oversight by the issuing body. Permit Issuing and Control Permit Issuing and Control supports activities associated with granting, revoking, and the overall management of permits necessary to perform a task or function. Note: Permits can be very difficult to obtain and generally require rigorous oversight by the issuing body. Data and Statistics Development Data and Statistical Development includes activities performed in providing data and information pertaining to the current state of the nation in areas such as the economy, labor, weather, international trade, etc. Scientific Research and Development Scientific Research and Development supports activities associated with research and development performed in the natural and biological areas such as physics, chemistry, and genetics. Socio-Economic Research and Development Socio-Economic Research and Development supports activities associated with the research and development in the social and economic areas such as sociology, anthropology, and economics. Technology Research and Development Technology Research and Development includes research and development in the high-tech areas such as electronics, aeronautics, and software. Debt Collection Debt Collection supports activities associated with the collection of money owed to the United States government from both foreign and domestic sources. Tax Collection Tax Collection includes activities associated with the implementation of the Internal Revenue Code and the collection of taxes in the United States and abroad. Other Revenue Collection Other Revenue Collection includes activities associated with the collection of revenue owed to the United States government for distinct or unconventional means. Burial Services Burial Services involves all ceremonies and procedures performed to bury former or current U.S. Servicemen. Community Development Community Development involves implementing programs aimed at social development such as job creation, community service programs, and the resolution of racial and ethnic tensions. Food Assistance Food assistance involves providing food or food vouchers for underprivileged individuals as well as providing these services to victims of disasters. Housing Benefits Housing Benefits involves the provision of housing, both temporary and permanent, for underprivileged individuals as well as the victims of disasters. It also includes the implementation of programs that promote home ownership or provide rental assistance. Medical Services Medical Services involve the direct delivery of medical services, including providing checkups, emergency medical services, regular medical services, medical treatment, and pharmaceuticals. Monetary Benefits Monetary Benefits involves the allocation of money to members of the public for retirement (e.g., Social Security), welfare, unemployment, medical services (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid), and other related services. Export Promotion Export Promotion involves the development of opportunities for the expansion of U.S. exports. Merchandise Inspection Merchandise Inspection refers to the verification of goods and merchandise as well as the surveillance, interdiction, and investigation of imports/exports in violation of various Customs laws. Tariffs/Quotas Monitoring Tariffs/Quotas Monitoring refers to the monitoring and modification of the schedules of items imported and exported to and from the United States. Trade Law Enforcement Trade Law Enforcement refers to the enforcement of anti-boycott, international loan, and general trade laws. Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control supports all activities related to the safe separation and movement of aircraft departing, landing, and maneuvering in the airport environment as well as providing aircraft instructions, air traffic clearances, and advice regarding flight conditions during the en route portions of flights. Land Transportation Land Transportation supports the activities related to the safe passage of passengers or goods over land. Maritime Transportation Maritime Transportation supports the activities related to the safe passage of passengers or goods over sea and water. Space Operations Space Operations includes all activities associated with the oversight and control of commercial, NASA, and military space launches/missions. Job Creation Job Creation involves activities designed to promote job growth and increase employment opportunities for the general public of the United States. Labor Rights Management Labor Rights Management supports activities to ensure employees and employers are aware of and abide by all laws and regulations concerning labor rights. Worker Safety Worker Safety involves all activities designed to ensure workplace and worker health and safety. Corrective Action Corrective Action involves the enforcement of activities to remedy internal or external programs that have been found non-compliant with a given law, regulation, or policy. Program Evaluation Program Evaluation involves the analysis of internal and external program effectiveness and the determination of corrective actions as appropriate. Program Monitoring Program Monitoring involves the data-gathering activities required to determine the effectiveness of internal and external programs and the extent to which they comply with related laws, regulations, and policies. Information Collection TBD Information Sharing TBD Lifecycle/Change Management TBD System Development TBD Grant Assistance Grants Assistance entails the awarding of money for the implementation of programs to support public services. Grants are not repayable and are used in many areas such as research and education. Loan Assistance Loan Assistance entails the awarding of federal funds with set terms for payback such as educational loans. Subsidies Subsidies include the payment of funds from the government to affect the production or prices of various goods to benefit the public. Contingency Planning Contingency Planning involves the actions required to plan for, respond to, and mitigate damaging events. Continuity of Operations Continuity of Operations involves the activities associated with the identification of critical systems and processes, and the planning and preparation required to ensure that these systems and processes will be available in the event of a catastrophic event. Service Recovery Service Recovery involves the internal actions necessary to develop a plan for reinstituting operations after a catastrophe occurs, such as a fire or earthquake. Legislation Tracking Legislation Tracking involves following legislation from conception to adoption. Legislative Testimony Legislation Testimony involves activities associated with providing testimony/evidence in support or opposition of legislation from conception to adoption. Proposal Development TBD Policy and Guidance Development Policy and Guidance Development involves the creation and dissemination of guidelines to assist in the interpretation and implementation of regulations. Public Comment Tracking Public Comment Tracking involves the activities of soliciting, maintaining, and responding to public comments regarding proposed regulations. Regulatory Creation Regulatory Creation involves the activities of researching and drafting proposed and final regulations. Rule Publication Rule Publication includes the all activities associated with the publication of a proposed or final rule in the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations. Budget Formulation Budget Formulation involves the development of an itemized forecast of future funding and expenditures during a targeted period of time. Capital Planning Capital Planning involves the processes for ensuring that appropriate investments are selected for capital expenditures. Enterprise Architecture Enterprise Architecture is an established process for describing the current state and defining the target state of an organizations people, processes, and technology. Project Planning Project Planning activities ensure that projects are effectively planned and implemented accounting for scheduling and budgeting constraints. Strategic Planning Strategic Planning entails the determination of long-term goals and the identification of the best approach for achieving those goals. Customer Service Customer Service supports activities associated with providing and managing the delivery of information and assistance to citizens involved. Communications and Outreach Communications and Outreach includes all efforts to provide information the external stakeholders through the use of various types of media, such as video, paper, web, etc... Product Marketing Product Marketing relates to the broadcast of services and programs to the general public in an attempt to increase the number of customers/beneficiaries of those services and programs. Public Relations Public Relations involves the efforts to promote an organizations image through the effective handling of citizen concerns. Facilities, Fleet, and Equipment Management Facilities, Fleet, and Equipment Management involves the maintenance, administration, and operation of offices buildings, fleets, machinery and other capital assets considered as possessions of the federal government. Help Desk Services Help Desk Services involves the management of a service center to respond to government employees' technical and administrative questions. IT Infrastructure Maintenance IT Infrastructure Maintenance involves the planning, design, and maintenance of an IT Infrastructure to effectively support automated needs ( i.e. platforms, networks, servers, printer, etc.). Security Management Security Management involves the physical protection of an organization's personnel, assets, and facilities. Travel Travel involves the activities associated with planning, preparing, and monitoring of travel arrangements for an organization's employees. Workplace Policy Development and Management Workplace Policy Development and Management includes all activities required to develop and disseminate workplace policies such as dress codes, time reporting requirements, telecommuting, etc. Cost Management Cost Management measures the total cost and revenue of Federal programs, and their various elements, activities and outputs. Cost Management is essential for providing accurate program measurement information, performance measures, and financial statements with verifiable reporting of the cost of activities. Financial Reporting Financial Reporting includes the activities necessary to support: management's fiduciary role; budget formulation and execution functions; fiscal management of program delivery and program decision making; and internal and external reporting requirements. Funds Management Funds Management entails the establishment of a system for ensuring an organization does not obligate or disburse funds in excess of those appropriated or authorized. General Ledger Management General Ledger Management is the central sub-function of financial management. The general ledger is the highest level of summarization and must maintain account balances by the accounting classification elements established in the Core Financial System Management function. Payment Management Payment Management provides appropriate control over all payments made by or on behalf of an organization, including but not limited to payments made to: vendors in accordance with contracts, purchase orders and other obligating documents; state governments under a variety of programs; employees for salaries and expense reimbursements; other Federal agencies for reimbursable work performed; individual citizens receiving Federal benefits; recipients of Federal loans. Receivable Management Receivable Management supports activities associated with recognizing and recording debts due to the Government, performing follow-up actions to collect on these debts, and recording cash receipts. Advancement and Awards Advancement and Awards includes all activities necessary to assess employee performance and determine appropriate promotions, recognitions, or awards. Benefits Management Benefits Management involves the administration of entitled benefits for federal personnel such as retirement, medical, disability, and insurance. Labor Management Labor Management involves the administration and oversight of federal personnel labor rights and grievances and collective bargaining negotiations. Payroll Management and Expense Reimbursement Payroll Management and Expense Reimbursement involves the administration and determination of federal employee compensation. Note: See Payment Management sub-function for the actual payment of salary and expenses. Resource Training and Development Resource Training and Development refers to the active building of capacities in staff members through formal, technical, or other means of education. Security Clearance Management Security Clearance Management refers to the processes associated with ensuring employees, contractors, and others have been approved to enter Federal buildings, utilize federal services, and access sensitive information. This includes eligibility determination, badge issuance, clearance tracking, and security verification services. Staff Recruitment and Employment Staff Recruitment and Employment refers to the active marketing and hiring of personnel to fill opportunities and vacancies within an organization. Goods Acquisition - Goods Acquisition involves the procurement of physical goods, products, and capital assets to be used by the federal government. Inventory Control Inventory Control refers to the tracking of information related to procured assets and resources with regards to quantity, quality and location. Logistics Management Logistics Management involves the planning and tracking of personnel and their resources in relation to their availability and location. Services Acquisition Services Acquisition involves the oversight and/or management of contractors and service providers from the private sector. Facilities, Fleet, and Equipment Management Facilities, Fleet, and Equipment Management involves the maintenance, administration, and operation of offices buildings, fleets, machinery and other capital assets considered as possessions of the federal government. Help Desk Services Help Desk Services involves the management of a service center to respond to government employees' technical and administrative questions. IT Infrastructure Maintenance IT Infrastructure Maintenance involves the planning, design, and maintenance of an IT Infrastructure to effectively support automated needs ( i.e. platforms, networks, servers, printer, etc.). Security Management Security Management involves the physical protection of an organization's personnel, assets, and facilities. Travel Travel involves the activities associated with planning, preparing, and monitoring of travel arrangements for an organization's employees. Workplace Policy Development and Management Workplace Policy Development and Management includes all activities required to develop and disseminate workplace policies such as dress codes, time reporting requirements, telecommuting, etc. Cost Management Cost Management measures the total cost and revenue of Federal programs, and their various elements, activities and outputs. Cost Management is essential for providing accurate program measurement information, performance measures, and financial statements with verifiable reporting of the cost of activities. Financial Reporting Financial Reporting includes the activities necessary to support: management's fiduciary role; budget formulation and execution functions; fiscal management of program delivery and program decision making; and internal and external reporting requirements. Funds Management Funds Management entails the establishment of a system for ensuring an organization does not obligate or disburse funds in excess of those appropriated or authorized. General Ledger Management General Ledger Management is the central sub-function of financial management. The general ledger is the highest level of summarization and must maintain account balances by the accounting classification elements established in the Core Financial System Management function. Payment Management Payment Management provides appropriate control over all payments made by or on behalf of an organization, including but not limited to payments made to: vendors in accordance with contracts, purchase orders and other obligating documents; state governments under a variety of programs; employees for salaries and expense reimbursements; other Federal agencies for reimbursable work performed; individual citizens receiving Federal benefits; recipients of Federal loans. Receivable Management Receivable Management supports activities associated with recognizing and recording debts due to the Government, performing follow-up actions to collect on these debts, and recording cash receipts. Advancement and Awards Advancement and Awards includes all activities necessary to assess employee performance and determine appropriate promotions, recognitions, or awards. Benefits Management Benefits Management involves the administration of entitled benefits for federal personnel such as retirement, medical, disability, and insurance. Labor Management Labor Management involves the administration and oversight of federal personnel labor rights and grievances and collective bargaining negotiations. Payroll Management and Expense Reimbursement Payroll Management and Expense Reimbursement involves the administration and determination of federal employee compensation. Note: See Payment Management sub-function for the actual payment of salary and expenses. Resource Training and Development Resource Training and Development refers to the active building of capacities in staff members through formal, technical, or other means of education. Security Clearance Management Security Clearance Management refers to the processes associated with ensuring employees, contractors, and others have been approved to enter Federal buildings, utilize federal services, and access sensitive information. This includes eligibility determination, badge issuance, clearance tracking, and security verification services. Staff Recruitment and Employment Staff Recruitment and Employment refers to the active marketing and hiring of personnel to fill opportunities and vacancies within an organization. Goods Acquisition - Goods Acquisition involves the procurement of physical goods, products, and capital assets to be used by the federal government. Inventory Control Inventory Control refers to the tracking of information related to procured assets and resources with regards to quantity, quality and location. Logistics Management Logistics Management involves the planning and tracking of personnel and their resources in relation to their availability and location. Services Acquisition Services Acquisition involves the oversight and/or management of contractors and service providers from the private sector.